This is basically placing a subject on a microscope in order to “read” them and establish something.  It is used when you cannot interview the subject or his accomplices to acquire the information, as it may be prejudicial.  We usually carry out surveillance on foot or mobile vehicles and would give you photographic/video evidence.  We also employ covert surveillance, which is basically an infiltration of the subject’s turf, e.g. an investigator is employed at his house as a cook, watchman, houseboy or in a manufacturing as an in-plant spy.